ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy

A branch of biochemical science dealing with normal structure, shape,size and location of various parts of the body

Physiology

A branch of biomedical science dealing with normal functioning of various organs in the in the body,

Cell

 Structural and functional unit of body

Tissue

The group of cells which have same structure function of body

Organ

Different tissues combined together to form particular function or functions

System

 Varies organs working in co- ordination for the particular function or functions

Symmetric

 Their arrangement on the left side  and right side are similar.

                        Ex – Limbs, eyes, ears and lungs.

Asssymmetric

 No two equal portions

                         Ex – Spleen and liver. Spleen lies entirely in the left side.    

                                  Liver lies mostly on the right side.

Medial line

(Mid saggittal plane)  the central plane which divides the body two halves – right and left

Medial

Nearer to the median line

Lateral

Away from the median line

Inferior

Nearer to the head

Anterior

Nearer to  the head.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward front of body or limbs

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward back of body or limbs

Proximal

The upper part nearest to the trunk  Proximal part or proximal end of a            

Structure  or an organ is the one from where it originates or attached to the  body.

Distal

The lowest portion away from the trunk

Superficial

Nearer to the skin surface.

Deep

Deeper  from the skin surface.

External

The relationship to outer surface of the body.

Internal

The relationship to the inner surface of the body.

T. S - Transverse section

V .S- Vertical section

L . S – Longitudinal section

H. S – Horizontal section

S. S – Saggital section

C. S- Cross section

Cytology – Study of cell .

Histology – Study of cell at a microscopic level

Cardiology – Study of heart

Neurology  - Study of nervous system.

Nephrology – Study  of excretory system

Otology – Study of ears.

Ophthalmology – Study of eyes.

Odontalogy – study of teeth

Osteology  - Study of skeleton (Bones)

Orthology – Study of bone joints.

Myology -   Study of muscles.

Endocrinology  - Study of endocrine glands.

Haematology  - Study of blood.

Angiology  - Study of blood circulation.

Arthology – Study of joints.

Serology –Study of serum.

Skeletal system – It is formed by bones. It provides a frame work for the body       

                             It  protects the soft tissues and allows movements at joints.

Muscular system  - It is made of numbers of muscles. It effects movements of

                               the body.

CVS – Heart and blood vessels -  Pumping of the blood.

Respiratory system  – Purification of the blood.

Digestive system  - Digestion and absorption of  food and elimination of

                               waste materials.

Endocrine glands  - It consists of ductless glands. It is concerned with the

                                production of hormones which regulates a variety of

                                functions of the body.

Urinary system – For excretion of waste metabolic products

Nervous system – it consists of brain ,spinal cord and nerves.

                                   The system creates awareness of the environment such that                                  

                                    the body cab respond by adapting.

Reproductive system – It consists of genital organs which are different in males and

                                              females. This system is responsible for the survival of the

                                              species by reproduction.

Organs of special sense 

Organs for taste – Tongue

Organs for sight – Eyes

Organs for hearing – Ear

Organ for touch – Skin

Organ for smell - Nose